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| Electromagnetic induction. |
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| It is generally acknowledged that the theoretical treatment of electromagnetic induction phenomena presents some problems when part of the electrical circuit is moving. Some authors speak of exceptions to the flux rule, while others save the flux rule by ad hoc choices of the integration line over which the induced emf is calculated.
A general law for electromagnetic induction phenomena is derived by defining the induced emf as the integral over a closed loop of the Lorentz force acting on a unitary positive charge. The induced emf is the product of two independent phenomena: time variation of magnetic field and effects of magnetic field on moving charges. The flux rule is neither a causal nor a field law: it is a calculation rule that yields the correct result, but not always. |
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See:
[1] A general law for electromagnetic induction, G. Giuliani, EPL, 2008.
[2] Vector potential, electromagnetic
induction and 'physical meaning', G. Giuliani, Eur. J. Phys., 2010.
[3] Electromagnetic induction: How the `flux rule' has superseded Maxwell's general law, G. Giuliani, Am. Jour. Phys. 91, 278 (2023); arXiv (2023).
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