SIPS
SIPS - Italian Association for the Advancement of Sciences (1907-1942)
The data on the SIPS have been collected and organized by Roberta Milani. These data have been used by the SIPS website.
The proceedings of SIPS' Meetings (1907-1939) offer a good viewpoint on the status of Science in Italy: the Universities' programmes in education and research, the activities of new disciplinary societies and their contributions, the projects and enterprises of Engineering in Italy and in the Colonies.
Principal Aims of SIPS
According to Vito Volterra, one of its founders, the principal aims of SIPS were:
- To promote cultural exchanges among the different disciplines in a context of increasing specialisation
- To diffuse the "scientific sentiment" into the society
- To favour the cooperation between industry and research centres
Founding Members (1907)
1134 Founding Members
At the time of its establishment in 1907, SIPS counted 1134 members, including prominent scientists and scholars:
Adhering Organizations (1907)
35 Adhering Organizations
The following institutions and organizations were founding members of SIPS:
Subject Index (1907-1919)
Rubric Index by Roberto Almagià (1926)
For the first series of SIPS Proceedings (Vol. I-IX, 1907-1919), Roberto Almagià created the following subject classification:
International Context and Societies
Foreign Societies for the Advancement of Sciences
Foundation dates and membership data from G.B. Trener's 1930 report:
Year | Society | Members | Annual Fee |
---|---|---|---|
1822 | Gesellschaft der Deutschen Naturforscher und Aerzte | 7,000 | 5 R.M. (≈157,500 Lire) |
1831 | British Association for the Advancement of Science | 8,000 | 1 Pound (≈800,000 Lire) |
1848 | American Association for the Advancement of Science | 15,000 | 5 Dollars (≈1,500,000 Lire) |
1864 | Association française pour l'avancement des Sciences | 3,500 | 20 Francs |
International Specialized Scientific Societies
Foundation Dates of Major Foreign Scientific Societies
Comparative overview of the establishment of specialized scientific societies across different countries, showing the international development of scientific disciplines:
England
Year | Society |
---|---|
1807 | Geologica |
1820 | Astronomica |
1826 | Zoologica |
1830 | Geografica |
1834 | Medica |
1839 | Botanica |
1839 | Microscopica |
1841 | Chimica |
1847 | Paleontologica |
1850 | Meteorologica |
1865 | Matematica |
1874 | Fisica |
1876 | Mineralogica |
1883 | Entomologica |
1896 | Micologica |
France
Year | Society |
---|---|
1821 | Geografica |
1830 | Geologica |
1854 | Fisica |
1857 | Chimica |
1865 (1878) | Botanica |
1876 | Igiene |
1885 | Micologica |
1917 | Chimica industriale |
Germany
Year | Society |
---|---|
1848 | Geologica |
1856 | Entomologica |
1861 | Geografica |
1866 | Astronomica |
1867 | Chimica |
1868 | Malacologica |
1883 | Meteorologica |
1890 | Zoologica |
1908 | Mineralogica |
1912 | Paleontologica |
United States
Year | Society |
---|---|
1852 | Geografica |
1876 | Chimica |
1879 | Antropologica |
1884 | Entomologica |
1888 | Fisica |
1888 | Matematica |
1888 | Geologica |
1895 | Zoologica |
1908 | Paleontologica |
1919 | Meteorologica |
This comparative timeline shows the parallel development of scientific specialization across major Western countries during the 19th and early 20th centuries, providing the context for understanding the establishment of SIPS within the broader international scientific community.
Italian Context and Societies
Specialized Italian Scientific Societies
Development of specialized societies in Italy (1823-1926):
Early Foundations (1823-1900)
- 1823 Società Medica
- 1865 Società Meteorologica
- 1867 Società Geografica
- 1868 Società Entomologica
- 1871 Società Antropologica
- 1880 Società Dermatologica
- 1881 Società Geologica
- 1883 Società Chirurgica
- 1883 Società Geografia coloniale
- 1887 Società Idrologia
- 1888 Società Botanica
- 1888 Società Medicina interna
- 1891 Società Ortopedica
- 1895 Società Sismologica
- 1897 Società Fisica
- 1898 Società Pediatrica
- 1898 Società Malariologica
- 1900 Società Zoologica
Modern Era (1900-1926)
- 1904 Società Fisico-chimica
- 1907 Società Medicina legale
- 1911 Società Biochimica
- 1912 Società Radiologia
- 1919 Società Chimica
- 1920 Società Astronomia
- 1922 Società Medico chirurgica
- 1922 Società Matematica
- 1922 Società Urologia
- 1924 Società Oftalmologica
- 1925 Società Biologia sperimentale
- 1926 Società Ottica
Italian State Research Infrastructure
Research Institutes and Scientific Services
- 1867 Comitato geologico
- 1872 R. Istituto Geografico Militare
- 1872 R. Istituto idrografico della R. Marina
- 1873 R. Ufficio Geologico
- 1879 Ufficio Centrale Meteorologico
- 1910 Comitato Talassografico
- 1915 Laboratorio Biologia marina
- 1918 Servizio Idrografico
- 1924 Laboratorio Centrale di Idrobiologia
- 1925 Ufficio Presagi
Experimental Laboratories and Institutes
- 1853 Istituto Chimico-Farmaceutico dello Stato
- 1872 R. Istituto Nazionale di Setificio
- 1872 R. Stazione Enologica Sperimentale
- 1875 R. Stazione di Entomologia Agraria
- 1886 R. Laboratorio Chimico Centrale delle Dogane
- 1887 Patologia Vegetale
- 1888 R. Delegazione del Genio Navale
- 1895 R. Istituto Sperimentale per la coltivazione dei tabacchi
- 1897 R. Stazione Sperimentale per l'industria della carta
- 1902 Istituto Nazionale per l'Industria del Cuoio
- 1905 R. Istituto Sperimentale delle Comunicazioni
- 1906 R. Stazione Sperimentale per l'Industria degli Olii
- 1907 R. Stazione Sperimentale di agrumicoltura
- 1907 R. Stazione Sperimentale di granicoltura
- 1908 R. Ufficio Tecnico delle Armi della R. Marina
- 1910 R. Stazione Sperimentale di bieticoltura
- 1920 R. Stazione Sperimentale di gelsicoltura
- 1920 R. Osservatorio Sperimentale Ceramico
- 1922 R. Stazione Sperimentale per l'industria delle conserve
- 1923 R. Stazione Sperimentale per la seta
- 1925 Direzione Superiore di Studi ed esperimenti Min. Aeronautica
- 1929 Direzione Superiore servizio specialisti del Genio
Organizational Evolution of the meetings
1907 First Meeting - Parma
Initial Structure (14 Sections)
Section | Field |
---|---|
I | Matematica, astronomia, geodesia |
II | Fisica, fisica terrestre, meteorologia |
III | Meccanica ed ingegneria; Elettrotecnica |
IV | Chimica ed applicazioni |
V | Agronomia |
VI | Geografia |
VII | Mineralogia, geologia e paleontologia |
VIII | Botanica |
IX | Zoologia ed anatomia comparata |
X | Antropologia, etnografia e paletnografia |
XI | Anatomia e istologia |
XII | Fisiologia e farmacologia |
XIII | Patologia, igiene, batteriologia |
XIV | Statistica e scienze economiche |
1908 Second Meeting - Florence
Reorganization into Categories (20 Sections)
Category A - Mathematical, Physical and Chemical Sciences
- I. Matematica
- II. Astronomia e geodesia
- III. Fisica
- IV. Chimica
- V. Mineralogia
- VI. Meccanica applicata ed Elettrotecnica
- VII. Geografia, Fisica terrestre, Meteorologia
- VIII. Geologia e Paleontologia
Category B - Biological Sciences
- IX. Zoologia ed Anatomia umana e comparata
- X. Botanica
- XI. Fisiologia, Farmacologia
- XII. Patologia, Bacteriologia ed Igiene
- XIII. Agronomia
- XIV. Antropologia ed Etnologia
Category C - Moral Sciences
- XV. Scienze giuridiche
- XVI. Scienze economiche e statistiche
- XVII. Storia
- XVIII. Archeologia e Paletnologia
- XIX. Glottologia e Filologia
- XX. Filosofia
1909 Third Meeting - Final Structure
Definitive Organization (14 Sections)
Class A - Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- 1ª - Matematica, Astronomia e Geodesia
- 2ª - Fisica
- 3ª - Meccanica applicata, Elettrotecnica
- 4ª - Chimica e Applicazioni
- 5ª - Mineralogia e Geologia
- 6ª - Geografia
Class B - Biological Sciences
- 1ª - Zoologia, Anatomia, Antropologia
- 2ª - Botanica e Applicazioni
- 3ª - Fisiologia
- 4ª - Patologia
Class C - Moral Sciences
- 1ª - Storia e Archeologia
- 2ª - Glottologia, Filologia
- 3ª - Scienze sociali e giuridiche
- 4ª - Filosofia
Organization and structure of meetings
Scientific Classes
The papers presented at the meetings are grouped in three classes:
- Class A: Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences
- Class B: Biological Sciences
- Class C: Moral and Social Sciences
SIPS Annual Meetings (1907-1939)
Complete List of Meetings
In the following linked pages, you will find the details of each Meeting (in Italian):
Legacy and Historical Significance
SIPS's Contribution to Italian Science
The Società Italiana per il Progresso delle Scienze played a crucial role in the development of modern Italian science between 1907 and 1942. Its contributions include:
- Interdisciplinary Exchange: Facilitated communication between different scientific disciplines during a period of increasing specialization
- Science Popularization: Promoted the "scientific sentiment" throughout Italian society
- Industry-Academia Collaboration: Fostered cooperation between research centers and industrial applications
- National Scientific Community: Created a unified platform for Italian scientists across all disciplines
- International Recognition: Positioned Italian science within the broader European and international scientific community
- Infrastructure Development: Supported the creation of state research institutes and experimental laboratories
Historical Context
SIPS operated during a transformative period in Italian history, witnessing:
Political and Social Changes
- Post-unification national development
- World War I and its impact on science
- Rise of fascism and scientific policy
- Colonial expansion and scientific missions
Scientific Developments
- Emergence of modern physics
- Industrial chemistry advancement
- Medical and biological sciences progress
- Engineering and technology innovation